Treaties & Other International and Foreign Materials

Treaties - Rule 21.4

Model

Name of Agreement, Parties to Agreement, Subdivisions (if required), Date of Signing, Treaty Source

Example

Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation And the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, U.S.-Fr., Aug. 31, 1994, S. Treaty Doc. No. 103-32

(1) Name of Agreement

The name should include both the form and subject. The form is something like "agreement," "convention," "protocol," "treaty," etc. Only insert the first form word in the treaty.

The subject is whatever appears on the agreement title, in full.

If the subject is long or known generally by another name, at the end of the first full cite you can enter "[hereinafter XXXX]."

(2) Parties to Agreement

Abbreviate country names according to table 10. If the United States is a party, always put it first. Otherwise, all parties are listed alphabeticaly.

(3) Subdivisions - add specific subdivision(s) if required, else leave empty

(4) The full date of signature, else see rule for other variations.

(5) Treaty Source, Rule 21.4.5

This is the most difficult segment. There are myriad variations depending on party and number of parties. See table below.

To figure out in which source a treaty is located, see the following link. Pick the source highest in the order of preference.

Signatories	Number of Signatories	Treaty Source (in order of preference)
Includes the U.S.	Three or fewer	- U.S.T. or Stat. - T.I.A.S. - T.S. - E.A.S. - Senate Treaty Document - Dep. State Press Release - I.L.M. (unofficial source) - Another unofficial source - Book or other periodical
Includes the U.S.	Four or more parties	Parallel Cite. First, to one of the above, then second, to an international organization source, e.g. U.N.T.S., O.A.S., etc. If either is unavailable, use an unofficial source.
Does not include the U.S.	Any	- Any source published by international organization - Official source of one signatory

Other International Materials (cases, arbitrations, UN, etc)

Other international material is varied and complex. Most follow a similiar pattern, but not all. Below is a table that directs you to the proper Rule for differing material and common sources for the material. To find these materials in their various sources, see this link.

International Material	Blue Book Rule	Common Print Sources with Blue Book Abbreviation
International Court of Justice [I.C.J.]	21.5.1	I.C.J.
Permanent Court of International Justice [P.C.I.J.]	21.5.1	P.C.I.J.
Court of Justice of the European Communities [E.C.J.]	21.5.2	E.C.R.
[European] Court of First Instance [Ct. First Instance]	21.5.2	E.C.R.
European Court of Human Rights	21.5.3	Eur. Ct. H.R.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights	21.5.4	Inter-Am. C.H.R.
East Africa Court of Appeal	21.5.5	E. Afr. L. Rep.
Arbitrations	21.6 & Table 5
United Nations	21.7	Myriad (usually to official records)
European Union Council publications, Legislative Acts, COM documents, Debates, EU Treaties, Reports	21.8.2	O.J., J.O. or COM
World Trade Orgnization	21.8.4	WT

Examples,

Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, 1975 I.C.J. 12 (October 16).

Council Directive 2001/18 2001 O.J. (L 106) 1 (EC).

Other International Material - Foreign Materials

Table 2 is the primary source for foreign materials. It is broken down by country and sub-divisions within a country, i.e. United Kingdom. Consult Rule 20 when a citation requires using a language other than English or when a jurisdiction is not evident.

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